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1 CD -
8.557506 - (c) 2007
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IGOR
STRAVINSKY | ROBERT CRAFT - Volume 9
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Igor STRAVINSKY
(1882-1971) |
Jeux
de cartes (1935-1936)
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*
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22' 48" |
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-
First Deal
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5' 28"
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1
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Second Deal
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9' 25" |
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2 |
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Third Deal
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7' 55" |
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3 |
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Danses
concertantes (1941-1942)
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** |
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18' 47" |
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Marche - Introduction
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1' 57" |
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4 |
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Pas d'action - Con Moto
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3' 20" |
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5 |
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Thème varié: Lento with four
variations and Coda (Allegretto -
Scherzando - Andantino - Tempo
giocoso)
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7' 51" |
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6 |
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Pas-de-deux: Risoluto - Andante
sostenuto
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4' 45" |
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7 |
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Marche - Conclusion
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0' 54" |
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8 |
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Scènes
de Ballet (1944) |
*** |
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14' 31" |
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Introduction: Andante
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0' 46" |
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9 |
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Danses (Corps de Ballet): Moderato
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2' 52" |
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10 |
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- Variations
(Ballerina): Con moto
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0' 53" |
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11 |
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Pantomime: Lento, Andantino, Più
mosso - Pas-de-duex: Adagio
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4' 21" |
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12 |
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Pantomime: Agitato
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0' 30" |
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13 |
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Variation: Risoluto - Variation
(Ballerina): Andantino - Pantomime:
Andantino - Danse(Corps de Ballet)
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3' 19" |
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14 |
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Apothéose
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1' 50" |
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15 |
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Variations
(1963-1964) |
° |
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5' 51" |
16 |
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Capriccio
for Piano and Orchetra (Rubies
from the ballet Jewels)
(1929) |
°° |
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17' 10" |
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Allegro
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6' 27" |
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17 |
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- Andante
rapsodico
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5' 01" |
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18 |
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Allegro capriccioso
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5' 42" |
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19 |
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Jeu de cartes
PHILHARMONIA
ORCHESTRA
Robert CRAFT, Conductor
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Danses
concertantes
TWENTIETH
CENTURY
CLASSICS
ENSEMBLE
Robert
CRAFT, Conductor |
Sscènes de Ballet
ORCHESTRA
OF ST. LUKE'S
Robert
CRAFT, Conductor |
Variations
LONDON
PHILHARMONIC ORCHETRA
Robert
CRAFT, Conductor |
Capriccio
Mark
Wait, Piano
ORCHESTRA OF ST.
LUKE'S
Robert
CRAFT, Conductor
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Recorded
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Abbey Road
Studio One, London (England) -
16 and 17 January 1998 (Jeu de
cartes)
SUNY, Purchase, New York (USA):
- 1999 (Danses concertantes)
- 1991 (Scènes de Ballet)
- 12 april 1994 (Capriccio)
Henry Wood Hall, London
(England) - 20 april 1996
(Variations)
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Live / Studio
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Studio |
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Producer |
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Gregory
K. Squires
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Engineers |
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Michael
Sheady (Jeu de cartes, Variations)
Gregory
K. Squires (Danses
concertantes, Scènes de
Ballet, Capriccio)
Alex Marcou (Variations)
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Assistant
engineers
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David
Flower (Jeu de cartes,
Variations)
Graham Kirkby (Variations)
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Naxos Editions
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Naxos
| 8.557506 | 1 CD | LC 05537 |
durata 79' 07" | (c)
2007 | DDD
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KOCH
(previously released) |
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Koch
International, Vol. IV |
3-7472-2 | 1 CD | (p)
2000 | DDD (Jeu de
cartes)
Koch
International,
Vol. III |
3-7470-2 | 1
CD | (p) 1999
| DDD (Danses
concertantes)
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MusicMasters
(previously released) |
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MusicMasters,
Vol. IV | 01612-67113-2
| 1 CD | (p) 1993 | DDD
(Scènes de Ballet)
MusicMasters,
Vol. IX |
01612-67177-2
| 1 CD | (p)
1997 | DDD
(Variations)
MusicMasters,
Vol. VIII |
01612-67158-2
| 1 CD | (p)
1995 | DDD
(Capriccio)
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Cover |
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Cover photograph
by John Foxx (Getty Images) |
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Note |
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MusicMASTERS
CLASSICS
Release (1991-1998)

1 CD - 01612-67113-2 - Volume
IV
(c) 1993 ***

1 CD - 01612-67177-2 -
Volume IX
(c) 1997 °

1 CD -
01612-67158-2
- Volume VIII
(c) 1995 °°
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KOCH
INTERNATIONAL
Release (1996-2002)
1 CD -
3-7472-2 - Volume IV
(c) 2000 *
1 CD -
3-7470-2 - Volume III
(c) 1999 **
|
Commissioned
by George Balanchine, Jeu de
cartes is a prime example
of melodic, rhythmic, and
harmonic ideas emerging
helter-skelter from Stravinsky’s
imagination. Unlike his other
ballets, it contains no slow
music and no lovers’ pas-de-deux
adagio. Danses concertantes
was the first large-scale piece
composed entirely in what was to
be Stravinsky’s Hollywood home
for the next 24 years. First
performed by the Chicago
Symphony Orchestra under Robert
Craft, Variations are
the densest music Stravinsky
ever wrote, yet the ingenious
rhythmic structures allow every
note to be heard. Ezra Pound, in
a balcony at the Teatro La
Fenice for a September 1934
performance of the Capriccio
for Piano and Orchestra,
wrote: “the piano and orchestra
are as two shells of a walnut”.
Alban Berg, who had shared the
same concert with Stravinsky,
remarked to the latter: “I wish
I could write such happy music”.
Jeu de cartes: Ballet in Three
Deals for Orchestra
On 16 November 1935, Stravinsky
accepted a request from George
Balanchine for a new "classical
ballet", depending on the terms
of the commission. On 2
December, however, before
receiving a reply, the composer
entered seven notations on the
first page of a sketchbook,
framing one of them, the motive
for trombones as the piece's
"signature tune". Each of the
three "deals" begins with it and
it is repeated at the conclusion
of the work. Jeu de cartes
is an example of melodic,
rhythmic, and harmonic ideas
emerging helter-skelter from the
composer's imagination and
eventually used at remotely
different places in the
completed work.
According to Stravinsky's own
account, the notion of basing a
ballet on a poker game came to
him in a fiacre on his way to
dinner in Paris one evening in
early August 1936, and he was so
delighted with it that he
invited the driver to drink an
aperitif with him in a café. No
subject could have been more
natural for Stravinsky. He loved
chess and card games, especially
poker, and habitually played
solitaire as a relaxation during
breaks from composing. This
required no mental effort and
allowed him to digest what he
had just written and to
contemplate ways of continuing
it. W.H. Auden took notice of
this routine during his week in
Stravinsky's home in November
1947, hence the card-game
between the hero and the Devil
that became the climax of The
Rake's Progress.
The dancers in Jeu de cartes
are "cards", the four suits and
the joker. Card combinations
offered rich possibilities for
choreography, but excluded the
possibility of love interest. As
Stravinsky told a French
interviewer after the première,
"I ignored the nonsense of
amorous intrigues among the
cards". In their stead is a
moral: "The evil spirit seeks to
dominate and must be conquered:
the group of hearts triumphs
over the joker". With the
political crisis in Europe in
mind, he attached an epigraph to
the score from La Fontaine's
fable of The Wolves and the
Sheep:
Il faut
faire aux méchants guerre
continuelle
La
paix est fort bonne de soi,
J'en
conviens mais de quoi
sert-elle
Avec
des ennemis sans foi?
(Our war on
the wicked must be continual.
Peace
is best, as everyone knows.
I agree
— but is it possible
With
dishonourable foes?)
Unlike
Stravinsky's other ballets (Apollo,
Fée, Orpheus, Agon),
it contains no slow music, no
lovers' pas-de-deux adagio. The
alla breve processional
music with which all three Deals
begin is always in the same key
and the Second and Third follow
the First without pause.
Dissonant harmonies are employed
only near the end, but in the
ending itself, the "immortal
Spirit grows", as Wordsworth
wrote:
Like
harmony in music; there is a
dark
Inscrutable
workmanship that reconciles
Discordant
elements.
Danses concertantes
Stravinsky's first works as a
resident of the United States
are the third and fourth
movements of the Symphony in
C and a Tango,
which began as a vocalise. Danses
concertantes is the first
large-scale piece composed
entirely in what was to be his
home for the next 24 years, 1260
N. Wetherly Drive, Hollywood.
Because of the similarity
between the allegro theme of the
finale of the Symphony in C
and the principal theme of the Pas
d'Action, the listener
might suppose that the latter
was the first part of the new
work to be composed, but in fact
the initial notation, the
descending five-note melody in F
sharp minor in the variations
movement was notated on a
Western Union form ("Holiday
telegram of your own
composition, 35 cents") stapled
to a same-size sheet of white
paper dated by Stravinsky "Oct
1940". Later scored for clarinet
and preceded by two bars under
the title "Une des 8
[sic] variations", this
theme appears at the head of the
first page of his sketchbook for
the Danses.
The conductor Werner Janssen
commissioned the piece for his
Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra
early in 1941. An entry in
Stravinsky's pocket calendar
reveals that he had received a second
instalment of $500 on 30
September 1941, and the final
payment came on the completion
of the score, 13 January 1942.
Vera Stravinsky's diary records
that her husband played the Danses
for her on 12 November 1941, at
which time he apparently planned
to conclude the piece with the
fourth movement, completed on 1
December. The fifth movement,
except for the last bars,
repeats the first, like the
march that begins and ends Renard
and the fanfare at the beginning
and end of Agon.
Rehearsals took place on 3, 5, 6
and 7 February 1942, and the
first performance, conducted by
Stravinsky, on 8 February.
What is distinctively "American"
about the music, setting it
apart from the Concerto in E
flat, Stravinsky's last
entirely European work, and also
for chamber ensemble? One answer
is that the Concerto is
tightly corseted, adheres to a
classical form pattern, and
features fugal episodes in its
outer movements, while the Danses
is roomy, accommodates more
episodic variety, and eschews
contrapuntal devices except for
the simplest imitation of a tune
in the Giocoso of the
penultimate movement. Another
feature is that the Danses tunes
themselves are American in
flavour and character,
especially the theme of the
variations, but also the violin
melody in the E flat episode in
the Pas d'Action, and
the allusion to Yankee
Doodle Dandy in the latter
part of the Pas-de-deux.
Also American is the
playfulness. Humour abounds in
Stravinsky's music, of course,
from Renard and Pulcinella
to Jeu de cartes, the Circus
Polka, and the Greeting
Prelude, but the wit in Danses
concertantes is different
in kind. In the first variation
(Third Movement), for instance,
the sixteenth-note (semiquaver)
figure introduced by the violins
and taken up at irregular
time-intervals by violas, flute,
and trumpet, suggests a game of
musical tag, as does the
changing lengths between the
accentuated chords in the second
part of the same variation.
The joke in the next section is
in the parody of a traditional
ballet figure following a sour,
cocking-a-snook chord. Lastly,
the corny commercial chord with
which this same variation ends
is another Americanism that
Stravinsky would have considered
infra dig in his Rue St. Honoré
years. He appears to have
written it, and the three and a
half bars before, in January
1941 while staying in the
Barbizon Plaza, Central Park
South, New York, since the
notation is inscribed on a sheet
of the stationery of this
long-demolished hotel.
The effervescence that
characterizes the Danses
has been criticized as
frivolous, and hence politically
incorrect, on grounds that to
display personal elation so
arrantly during the Occupation
of France and the bombing of
Britain can be seen as callous.
But one must consider that the
composer had spent his last six
months (March–August) in France
(1939) in a tuberculosis
sanatorium, and in that same
period suffered from the deaths
of his elder daughter, wife, and
mother. Now, at last, his health
was restored and he shared a
home of his own with his new
wife (fiancée of twenty years).
True, his material circumstances
were straitened, the war having
deprived him of his European
royalties, while his popular,
money-generating music was not
copyrighted in America because
the Soviet Union and the United
States had not signed the Berne
Copyright Convention. But
commissions were forthcoming, as
were concert engagements.
The Danses score is
distinguished rhythmically by an
extensive use of anacrusis, most
notably in the second movement
and in the theme for string
quartet in the third movement.
Stravinsky had employed this
emphasis-shifting rhythmic
effect before, to be sure,
notably at the beginning of Symphony
of Psalms, but here most
of the middle section of the Allegretto
variation ([79]–[83]) is based
on the anacrusis idea, a new
development in his art. The
Variations is the longest
and most substantial movement,
and its rollicking Coda is the
climax of the Danses.
Since Stravinsky provided a
concert ending for it, one
supposes that he must originally
have intended to end the piece
at this point, particularly
since it is in the same key as
the beginning. The Variations
follow a tonality plan of
ascending semitones: theme in G,
variations in A flat, A natural,
and B flat.
Scènes de Ballet
Scènes de Ballet is
Stravinsky's unique score
commissioned for a Broadway
review, but the history of the
piece is too well known to be
repeated here. Billy Rose, the
Broadway entrepreneur,
commissioned the score for $5000
in the late spring of 1944 for
inclusion in his autumn stage
spectacle The Seven Lively
Arts. After meetings with
Anton Dolin, the choreographer,
Stravinsky composed the music in
a great hurry and completed it
on the day of the liberation of
Paris from German occupation in
August 1944. (The score is dated
28 August 1944.) It seems that
the New York pit orchestra,
accustomed to playing musicals,
could not manage the five-beat
bars, and whole sections of the
score had to be cut. The
première took place in
Philadelphia in the autumn of
1944. Frederick Ashton, the
choreographer of the Royal
Ballet, London, perceived the
qualities of the music and,
after the War, re-choreographed
the piece. It has remained in
the repertory of the British
company ever since.
One feature of the music is the
avoidance of downbeat accents
and the use of anacrusis,
continuing a style established
in Danses concertantes.
Sentimentality and vulgarity are
ingredients of the music,
admittedly, but the piece also
subsumes many delightful
passages. The ending (Apothéosis),
apart from the much-too-long
final chord itself, is
Stravinsky's greatest
achievement in the anacrusis
style.
Variations
Composed between July 1963 and
28 October 1964, the Variations
were first performed on 17 April
1965, by the Chicago Symphony
Orchestra with the present
writer conducting. The opus
might also have been called
"Duodecim". Not only is it
composed entirely with a
twelve-pitch series, but the
centre of its form consists of
three twelve-part variations,
each with a metrical pattern of
4/8, 3/8, and 5/8 (i.e., a total
of 12) heard four times in each
variation (i.e., twelve times).
Each of the lines of the first
twelve-part variation has a
different rhythm, and the same
rhythms are repeated by other
instruments in the second and
third twelve-part variations.
The instrumentation of each of
the three is strikingly
different, the first being
scored for twelve violins
playing both pianissimo and ponticello,
the second for ten violas and
two basses playing the same, and
the third for wind instruments,
three from the flute family,
three from the oboe, three from
the clarinet, with two bassoons
and one horn, this last with a
degree of dynamic prominence.
These variations are the densest
music Stravinsky ever wrote, yet
the ingenious rhythmic
structures (seven notes in the
time of three, five notes in the
time of four, five in the time
of three, five in the time of
two, and triplets of varying
time-values) allow every note to
be heard. One instrument in each
ensemble of twelve plays a
single note on the beat, a
metronomic centre for the other
eleven instruments. The entire
piece has a pulsation of eighty
to the beat, sometimes for a
quarter- (crotchet) and
sometimes an eighth-note
(quaver). The pitch order of
each part follows that of one of
the four orders of the series,
original, inverted, retrograde,
retrograde inverted. The twelfth
violin in the first variation
launches the original order of
the series.
In total contrast, the first
variation, which follows a brief
prelude in the brass that
returns as a postlude in the
strings, is limited to a single
melodic line, relayed by
strings, harp, piano, flute,
alto flute, and solo violin;
only one note in this variation
is harmonized by a second pitch.
The variation for twelve violins
follows, then an episode for
flutes, bassoons, and oboe, then
the second twelve-part
variation, and an episode for
the flutes, bass clarinet, and
bassoons, with strings and
trumpets joining at the end. The
next episode exposes two
three-part inventions for three
trombones, framed by orchestral
chords. The succeeding section
combines canonic-style music in
violins, violas, and cellos with
a two-note figure in horn,
clarinet, bassoon, bass clarinet
and English horn. The following
brief episode for trombones and
flutes leads to a fugato for the
strings in dialogue with the
piano that recalls Stravinsky's
Agon. The twelve-part
wind variation follows, and the
Postlude.
Stravinsky's close friend Aldous
Huxley died three months after
the composition had been begun.
In Italy at the time, and
conducting a memorial concert
for President Kennedy in Santa
Maria Sopra Minerva, Stravinsky
was deeply grieved for his
friend, describing him as "an
aristocrat of behaviour, gentle,
humble, courageous,
intellectually charitable".
Though aware that Variations
was not music that would have
appealed to Huxley, Stravinsky
dedicated it to his memory.
The programme note that follows
was written in Stravinsky's name
at his request by the present
writer on 11 March 1965:
"Veränderungen"
- alterations or mutations,
Bach's word for the Goldberg
Variations - could be
used to describe my Variations
as well, except that I have
altered or diversified a
series, instead of a theme or
subject. In fact, I do not
have a theme, in the textbook
sense, whereas Bach's theme
(for comparison) is a complete
aria.
Some of us think that the rôle
of rhythm is larger today than
ever before, but however that
may be, in the absence of
harmonic modulation it must
play a considerable part in
the delineation of form. And
more than ever before, the
composer must be certain of
building rhythmic unity into
variety. In my Variations,
pulsation is a constant.
The density of the twelve-part
variations is the main
innovation in the work. One
might think of these
constructions as musical
mobiles, à la Calder,
in that the patterns within
them will seem to change
perspectives with repeated
hearings. They are relieved
and offset by music of a
contrasting starkness and
even, notably in the first
variation, by Klangfarben
monody, which is also
variation.
The question of length
(duration) is inseparable from
that of depth and/or height
(content). But whether full,
partly full, or empty, I
prefer to think that the
musical statements are
concise, rather than short. In
any case, they are in radical
contrast to the prolix manner
of most of the late
nineteenth-century music that
provides the pabulum of our
regular concert life; and
there lies the difficulty,
mine with you no less than
yours with me.
I do not know how to guide
listeners other than to advise
them to listen not once but
repeatedly… I may say that
they should not look for the
boundaries of the individual
variations, but try instead to
hear the piece as a whole. And
on second thought I can
recommend the orchestra itself
as a guide. The use of
instrumental families and
individuals in contrast is a
principal projective element
of the form. The leading group
rôles are those of the flutes,
bassoons, and trombones.
Perhaps my economy is
inconsistent in that the
trumpet and horn families have
so little to do; I needed only
a spot of red, however, and a
spot of blue. I might add that
the orchestral dramatis
personae is unusual in
that only four rather than the
standard five string sections
are required. Percussion
instruments are not used, but
their position is taken by
piano and harp, which appear
as a couple (married).
Capriccio
for Piano and Orchestra
On 11 September 1934, Stravinsky
and Alban Berg shared a concert
in Venice. After hearing the Capriccio,
the latter remarked to the
former: "I wish I could write
such happy music". And though
Stravinsky did write more
"happy" music than any other
major twentieth-century
composer, the Capriccio
deserves the palm for sustained
high spirits, above all in the
finale, which so perfectly
captures the mood of its
pre-1929 stock-market-crash
period. George Balanchine made
it the vehicle for one of his
most exuberant ballets, Rubies.
The trail of the composing
process is intriguing to follow.
The first notation is found at
the end of the piece, starting
one bar before [95]; it is dated
24 December 1928, the day after
Stravinsky conducted a
performance of Le Baiser de
la fée in Monte Carlo. The
sketches that follow were used
at [86] and [70]–[71]:
Stravinsky was working his way
backwards, so to speak. He
turned to the second movement
next, sketching the music found
at [41] and at the end of the
movement, including the cadenza.
The initial notation used in the
first movement, before [18],
repeats the same four notes as
at the beginning of the first
sketch for the third movement
(before [95]). The music at [10]
came next, followed by three
bars for [6], piano part, and
the music at [14] and [11].
Suddenly Stravinsky conceived
the opening and composed the
movement straight through, the
sketches for middle-section
episodes falling into place. He
dated it 1 September, but did
not complete the orchestra score
until 26 October. The full score
of the second movement was
completed on 15 September and
that of the third movement on 9
November.
Ezra Pound, in a balcony at the
Teatro a la Fenice for the 1934
performance, wrote: "I have
never heard but one composition
for piano and orchestra, namely
Stravinsky's Capriccio -
there the piano and orchestra
are as two shells of a walnut".
Robert
Craft
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