|
1 CD -
8-557529 - (c) 2010
|
 |
1 CD -
3-7334-2 - (p) 1997 *
|
 |
1 CD -
3-7263-2 - (p) 1995 ** |
|
THE ROBERT
CRAFT COLLECTION - The Music of Arnold
Schoenberg - Volume 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arnold
SCHOENBERG (1874-1951) |
String
Trio, Op. 45 (1946)
|
|
|
18' 53"
|
|
|
-
Part 1
|
|
1' 58" |
|
1 |
|
-
1st Episode
|
|
5' 28" |
|
2 |
|
-
Part 2 |
|
3' 22" |
|
3 |
|
-
2st Episode |
|
2' 45" |
|
4 |
|
-
Part 3 |
|
5' 20" |
|
5 |
|
Four
Pieces for Mixed Churus, Op. 27
(1925) |
|
|
11' 01" |
|
|
-
No. 1 Unentrinnbar
|
|
1' 39" |
|
6 |
|
-
No. 2 Du sollst nicht, du musst |
|
1' 19" |
|
7 |
|
-
No. 3 Mond und Menschen |
|
3' 33" |
|
8 |
|
-
No. 4 Der Wunsch des Liebhabers
|
|
4' 30" |
|
9 |
|
Three
Satires for Mixed Chorus, Op. 28
(1925-26)
|
|
|
11' 28" |
|
|
-
No. 1 Am Scheideweg
|
|
1' 08" |
|
10 |
|
-
No. 2 Vielseitigkeit
|
|
0' 39" |
|
11 |
|
-
No. 3 Der neue Klassizismus
|
|
9' 41" |
|
12 |
|
Septet-Suite,
Op. 29 (1925-26) |
*
|
|
29' 12" |
|
|
-
1. Ouverture. Allegretto
|
|
8' 38" |
|
13 |
|
-
2. Tanzschritte. Moderato
|
|
7' 41" |
|
14 |
|
-
3. Thema mit Variationen
|
|
5' 46" |
|
15 |
|
-
4. Gigue
|
|
7' 07" |
|
16 |
|
Accompaniment
to a Cinematographic Scene, Op. 34
(Threatening Danger, Fear,
Catastrophe) (1929-30)
|
** |
|
8' 38" |
17 |
|
|
|
|
String Trio,
Op. 45
Rolf
Schulte, Violin
Richard O'Neill, Viola
Fred
Sherry, Cello
|
Four Pieces for
Mixed Churus, Op. 27
SIMON JOLY
CHORALE
Members of the
LONDON SINFONIETTA
- Mark van de Wiel, Clarinet
- Alison Stephens, Mandolin
- David Alberman, Violin
- Timothy Gill, Cello
Robert
CRAFT, conductor |
Three Satires,
Op. 28
SIMON JOLY
CHORALE
Members
of the
LONDON SINFONIETTA
- Paul
Silverthorne, Viola
- Timothy Gill, Cello
- John Constable, Piano
Robertrt CRAFT,
conductor |
Septet-Suite,
Op. 29
Christopher
Oldfather, Piano
Charles
Neidich, Clarinet
Alan R. Kay,
Clarinet
Michael Lowenstern,
Bass clarinet
Rolf Schulte, Violin
Toby Appel, Viola
Fred Sherry, Cello
|
Cinematographic
Scene, Op. 34
LONDON SYMPHONY
ORCHESTRA
Robert
CRAFT, conductor |
|
|
|
|
Luogo
e data di registrazione |
|
American
Academy of Arts and Letters, New
York (USA) - 20 November 2005 (Op.
45)
Abbey Road Studio One, London
(England):
- 9 June 2006 (Opp, 27, 28)
- 28/29 May 1994 (Op. 34)
Master Sound Astoria Studios,
Astoria, New York (USA) - February
1995 (Op. 29)
|
|
|
Registrazione:
live / studio |
|
studio |
|
|
Producer |
|
Philip Traugott
(Opp. 45, 27, 28)
Michael Fine (Opp. 29, 34)
|
|
|
Editing |
|
Tim
Martyn (Op. 45)
Raphaël Mouterde (Opp. 27, 28)
|
|
|
Engineer |
|
Tim
Martyn (Op. 45)
Mike Hatch (Opp. 27, 28)
Ben Rizzi (Op. 29)
Simon Rhodes (Op. 34)
|
|
|
NAXOS Edition |
|
Naxos
- 8.557529 | (1 CD) | LC 05537 |
durata 79' 12" | (c) 2010 | DDD
|
|
|
KOCH previously
released |
|
KOCH
International Classics | 3-7334-2
| (1 Cd) | LC 06644 | (p) 1997 |
DDD | (Op. 29)
KOCH
International Classics | 3-7263-2
| (1 Cd) | LC 06644 | (p) 1995 |
DDD | (Op. 34)
|
|
|
Cover |
|
Expectation
by Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)
(MAK (Austrian Museum of Applied
Arts), Vienna, Austria / The
Bridgeman Art Library)
|
|
|
Note |
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
Naxos’s Robert Craft
Collection has been acclaimed as
‘one of the most enticing
Schoenberg collections around’ (MusicWeb
on 8.557523), with Fanfare
proclaiming that ‘Craft outshines
them all’ (8.557526), to mention
only two critical commendations.
He has twice won the Grand Prix du
Disque, as well as the Edison
Prize for his landmark recordings
of Schoenberg, Webern and Varèse,
and countless other awards.
Craft’s consummate artistry and
unique insight continue to bear
fruit with this volume featuring
diverse works spanning more than
twenty years of Schoenberg’s
controversial and highly
influential career.
String Trio, Op. 45
In a burst of creativity following
a near fatal collapse on 2 August
1946, Arnold Schoenberg composed
three important works in a row, String
Trio, A Survivor from
Warsaw, and Phantasy.
Although the Trio was written
after the collapse, the commission
from A. Tillman Merrit of Harvard
University came earlier;
Schoenberg had already begun plans
for the piece in June 1946.
Musicians and audiences have
speculated about the
“autobiographical” nature of this
composition, but it is good to
know what Arnold Schoenberg wrote,
in 1949, about what he jokingly
called “my fatality”:
I awoke with a
terrible pain in my chest. I
sprang from the bed and sat
down in my armchair. (I must
correct this, for I just
remembered that it was
different: I awoke with an
extremely unpleasant feeling,
but without a definite pain,
but I hurried in spite of it
(!) to my armchair.) I became
continually worse. We called
doctors…I had believed that I
had a heart attack or heart
spasm. But Dr Jones determined
that this was not the case and
gave me an injection of
Dilaudid ‘in order to bring
the patient at ease’. It
worked very quickly. The pain
went away. Then I must have
lost consciousness. For the
last thing that I heard was my
wife saying ‘you take his feet
and I will take his
shoulders’, and apparently
they returned me to the bed. I
do not know how long I was
unconscious. It must have been
several hours, for the first
thing I remember was that a
man with coal-black hair was
bending over me and making
every effort to feed me
something. My wife said (to
keep me from being alarmed!)
‘This is the doctor!’ But I
remember having been
astonished since Dr Jones had
silver-white hair. It was
Gene, the male nurse. An
enormous person, a former
boxer, who could pick me up
and put me down again like a
sofa cushion.
The Trio,
which Schoenberg described to many
people as “a ‘humorous’
representation of my sickness”,
was begun on 20 August, only three
weeks after the episode, and was
completed on 23 September 1946.
The sketches include the writing
and re-writing of the twelve-note
set on which the piece is based.
Schoenberg often started in this
fashion, but atypically there is a
detailed chart, measure by
measure, of the form of the piece.
The Trio contains some of the most
virtuosic string writing in his
entire output, which the composer
recognized by providing various
ossias in all three parts. Thomas
Mann, in his account of the
origins of Doctor Faustus,
reported a conversation with
Schoenberg:
The work was extremely
difficult to play, he said, in
fact almost impossible or at
best only for three players of
virtuoso rank; but, on the
other hand, the music was very
rewarding because of its
extraordinary tonal effects.
The music is
deep enough to bear up to any kind
of listening. It can be heard in
the context of common practice
harmony, as a melodic and textural
essay, or as a story which
describes a near death experience,
an injection to the heart, and
Gene, the male nurse.
Four Pieces for Mixed Chorus,
Op. 27
Schoenberg, who was a master of
all forms of music, excelled at
choral writing. Friede auf
Erden, Gurrelieder,
Moses und Aron, Six
Pieces for Male Choir, as
well as the Four Pieces for
Mixed Chorus, Op. 27, all
point to his genius. The composer
wrote the texts for the first
piece, Unentrinnbar
(Inescapable) and the second, Du
sollst nicht, du musst (You
should not, you must). The texts
for the third, Mond und
Menschen (Moon and Mankind),
by Tschan-Jo-Su, and the fourth,
Der Wunsch des Liebhabers
(The Lover’s Wish), by
Hung-So-Fan, are from Hans
Bethge’s Die chinesiche Flöte (The
Chinese Flute). It is important to
note that the second piece is
often cited as early evidence of
the composer’s plan to return to
Judaism which he finally realized
on 24 July 1933. (He had become a
Protestant on 21 March 1898.) In a
letter to Berg on 16 October 1933,
Schoenberg wrote:
It wasn’t until 1
October that my going to
America became the kind of
certainty I could believe in
myself. Everything that
appeared in the newspapers
both before and since was
founded on fantasy, just as
are the purported ceremonies
and the presence of ‘tout
Paris’ at my so-called return
to the Jewish faith. (tout
Paris was, besides the rabbi
and myself: my wife and a Dr
Marianoff, with whom all these
dreadful tales probably
originated.) As you have
surely observed, my return to
the Jewish faith took place
long ago and is even
discernible in the published
portions of my work (“Du
sollst nicht…du musst…”)
Schoenberg’s
choral music can be understood as
part of the long tradition of
German choral music. Although much
of his music has been labelled as
“modern”, the composer himself
felt that the part-writing in the
first piece “follows in the
tradition of the proven balance of
design and sound. The melody
submits to principles of
simplicity: two series of
canonical forms are intertwined,
the basic form, and its inverse
transposition a fifth lower”.
Throughout his career as a
composer Schoenberg saw himself as
a traditionalist. All of his
harmonic, rhythmic and
orchestrational advances were
necessary in order for him to
create music in his own image.
These two aphorisms by Schoenberg
suggest some of his attitudes
about composition:
1. The man is what he
experiences; the artist
experiences only what he is.
2. My
inclinations developed more
rapidly from the moment that I
started to become clearly
conscious of my aversions.
Three
Satires for Mixed Chorus, Op. 28
The Three Satires for Mixed
Chorus, Op. 28 (1925–26),
present problems for some and
provide joy for others. In a
letter to Amadeo de Filippi, 13
May 1949, Schoenberg stated: “I
wrote them when I was very much
angered by attacks of some of my
younger contemporaries at this
time and I wanted to give them a
warning that it is not good to
attack me”. In the Foreword he
describes the type of composer he
is satirizing:
My targets were all
those who seek their personal
salvation by taking the middle
course. For the middle course
is the only one not leading to
Rome. But it is taken by those
who nibble at dissonances,
wanting to pass for modern but
are too cautious to draw to
the consequences, consequences
resulting not from the
dissonances but also and even
more so, from the consonances.
I aim at
those who pretend to strive back
to…Such a person should not
attempt to make people believe
that it rests with him to decide
how far back he will soon find
himself. Or even intimate that by
this process he is coming one step
closer to one of the great
masters.
I take pleasure in making the
folklorists my target as well, who
apply a technique, which only
suits a complicated way of
thinking, to the naturally
primitive ideas of folk music,
either because they have to (since
they have no themes of their own
at their command) or because they
do not have to (since an existing
musical culture and tradition
could eventually bear them, too).
Finally all…ists in whom I
can see only mannerists. Their
music is enjoyed most by people
who constantly think of the slogan
intended to keep them from
thinking of anything else, while
they are listening to the music.
Schoenberg wrote the texts to the
Satires himself so he was able to
hurl double darts - words and
music - at his attackers. No. 1, Am
Scheideweg (At the
Crossroads), for a cappella
chorus, confronts the
apparent dichotomy between tonal
and atonal music. No. 2, Vielseitigkeit
(Versatility), also for a cappella
chorus, makes fun of “little
Modernsky”, a composer with an
old-fashioned haircut and a
misconception about his own music.
No. 3, Der neue Klassizismus
(The New Classicism) is “A Little
Cantata” for mixed chorus
accompanied by viola, cello and
piano that lampoons a composer who
flirts with different musical
styles and finally decides on a
“pure and perfect” classical
style.
Although Schoenberg expressed his
concern about “the greater danger:
that some of the people at who I
am aiming these Satires might
wonder whether they should
consider themselves my targets”,
on 30 May 1926, Alban Berg wrote
to him:
Oh, how happy your
‘Foreword’ made me, dearest
esteemed friend. You really
have finished off Krenek with
this and with him half—what am
I saying—9/10 of the U.E.
catalogue!
In a telling
statement from 1929, Schoenberg,
when asked to comment on the
current musical situation for the
journal Der Querschnitt,
responded:
I want to hurry
answering this question,
otherwise I shall get there
too late, as happened with the
Satires that I wrote four
years ago about what was then
current: they had scarcely
been printed when they became
obsolete, faster than anything
else by me.
We can only
guess who were Schoenberg’s
attackers, and we do not need to
know. Perhaps today we can strip
away the “programme” and enjoy the
Three Satires as we can the
Bach Cantata No. 201,
The Battle between Phoebus and
Pan, without worrying about
the name of the music critic who
was Bach’s target.
Fred Sherry
Septet-Suite, Op. 29
In its playfulness and sustained
high spirits, the Septet-
Suite, Op. 29 resembles the
Serenade. Five of the seven
instruments—the trio of strings
and two of the clarinets—are
employed in both pieces, and both
embody neoclassic forms and Ländler
styles. A typewritten note
fastened to the sketchbook for the
Suite indicates that, again like
the Serenade, Schoenberg
originally had a work of seven
movements in mind, though from his
description of them only the first
two are recognizable in the
finished four movement piece: “1.
(Movement) 6/8, light, elegant,
gay, bluff. 2. Jojo. Foxtrot.”
Schoenberg began the composition
at the end of October 1924 with a
sketch of bars 5–12 of the first
movement. He then turned to the
second movement, written between 1
January and 19 July 1925, and the
third, which is dated 19 July–15
August 1925. Meanwhile, on 17
June, he resumed work on the first
movement, and, on 17 August,
started on the fourth. Movements
one and four were completed on,
respectively, 1 March 1926 and 15
April 1926. Since the choruses Op.
27 and Op. 28 were composed in the
autumn of 1925, most of the Septet-Suite
is closer in time to them than the
separation by opus numbers
implies. E flat (Es, or S, in
German) and G, the initials of the
composer and his wife, Gertrud,
are the first two notes of the
combinatorial twelve-tone row with
which the Suite is
constructed. The two notes are
also referential pitches
throughout, providing a kind of
tonal bracket for the whole work.
The E flat is sustained in unison
toward the end of the first
movement and in the bass clarinet
alone near the beginning of the
second, both doubtless being
intended as private jokes. The E
flat and G are also the two top
notes of the first chord of the
second movement, Dance the
foxtrot of Schoenberg’s
original title, and the first two
notes of its main theme; they are
also the first two harmonic notes
of the third movement and the
first two melodic notes
(unaccompanied) of the last.
Schoenberg’s biographer, H.H.
Stuckenschmidt, classifies the Ouverture
(first movement) as an example of
sonata-form, with its two themes,
development, reprise and coda, and
it is true that the exposition of
the first section is sonata-like,
as are its recapitulations. But
the three-metre Ländler
episodes, which account for
considerably more than half of the
playing time, suggest that the
title was intended to evoke the
opening movement of an early
eighteenth-century dance suite.
The introduction is defined by
four chords without piano, each
one containing six pitches and
each followed by six piano notes
containing the other six. The
four-chord pattern reappears in
the cello (bars 14–17); viola with
cello (bars 27–29); viola alone
(bars 53–55), and in all three
strings, playing pizzicato at
first (bars 125–127; 133–136),
then arco (bars 137–139 and in the
coda). After the opening chords,
shorter motives lead to the two
principal themes, played by violin
and viola simultaneously.
The fast, jagged section gives way
to a gentle, broader, melodically
sustained one introduced by the
violin alone. A return to the
music of the first tempo follows,
developing the second principal
theme, then a still slower section
with an extended Ländler melody in
the muted viola. The upper
register clarinet repeats the
viola melody an octave higher.
Later the violin plays it in the
home “key” of E flat, in a
development that extensively
exploits harmonics in all three
strings. In the next episode, a
reprise of the first-tempo music,
the clarinets restate the first
principal theme in its original
and inverted forms, while the
strings play triple stop chords
mounting to a climax marked by a
pause. A return to the
broader-tempo melody follows, this
time in the cello, then again the
music of the first tempo and a
final excerpt of the Ländler. In
the coda, the strings play the
first theme in unison and the
movement ends, like the other
three, on the offbeat. The Ouverture
is in 6/8, with 3/4 counter
rhythms one of them identical with
a figure in Liszt’s C minor Transcendental
Etude. (Some conductors
actually beat the 3/4 bars in
three, thereby vitiating the
cross-rhythm that Schoenberg
clearly intended.) The rhythmic
vocabulary is remarkably simple:
dotted figures in the first theme,
then successions of sixteenth
notes (semiquavers) and eighths
(quavers); the piano part is
confined to sixteenths in the
first 24 bars and Morse code-like
syncopation in the first etwas
breiter (broader) section. Triplet
figures occur in only one bar and
not prominently there.
The piano, the principal solo
instrument in the Suite,
though the earliest sketches do
not include it, engages in
dialogues with both the clarinet
and string groups, which alternate
in playing each other’s music.
Twice in the movement the piano
provides transitional interludes
from slower sections back to those
in the first tempo; the second of
them, bridging the Ländler excerpt
and the coda, resembles the one
between Parodie and Mondflec Dance
Steps, like the Ouverture,
alternates sections of fast and
slow music of contrasting
character. In one passage (bars
56–58) the piano accompaniment
recalls the effect, in the slow
movement of Haydn’s Sonata No. 46
in A flat, of making the rhythm
appear twice as fast by steady
syncopation between the left hand
music and the right hand music.
Rapid repeated note figures with
wide leaps on accented offbeats
are a feature of Dance Steps, as
are string harmonics and strings
playing with bouncing bow and by
tapping with the wood of the bow.
The middle register clarinet
exposes the long, easy-to-follow
main theme in both the original
and, without break, reverse
orders.
The third movement, Theme and
Variations, demonstrates that a
tonal-centred melody, Friedrich
Silcher’s popular song, Ännchen
von Tharau, is not incompatible
with atonal twelve-tone music. The
melody is first heard in the bass
clarinet in E major. Since its
third note is the same as its
first, the remaining ten notes of
the chromatic scale are sounded
before the repeated note, a rule
of twelve-tone composition at the
time (1925). Accordingly, the ten
notes are comprised in the piano
accompaniment to the first two
bass clarinet notes. The same
method is employed throughout the
movement. At the beginning the
harmony consists entirely of
sixths and thirds, the piano
forming one of each of these by
combining with the two bass
clarinet notes. Each of the
variations Allegro molto, mässige,
Langsam, Moderato is radically
different in character, the range
of contrasts greater than in the
other movements. In Variation 1,
the piano interjects sprinklings
of loud notes between groups of
fast-tempo figures in strings and
clarinets alternating and playing
softly. Variation 2 is a piano
solo, Variation 3 a solo by the
high register clarinet accompanied
by 128th notes at the top of the
piano register, together with
still higher violin harmonics.
Variation 4, a 6/8 Bach dance,
leads to the coda, the first part
of which, in the same tempo as the
beginning, recapitulates the
Ännchen melody in the lower
register of the piano. In the fast
3/4 second part each clarinet
plays a single explosive note in a
rotation that sounds the rhythm in
every bar.
The subject of the fugal Gigue,
played first by the middle
register clarinet, exposes the
twelve pitches of the principal
theme of the first movement, but
in equal note values. The bass
clarinet responds, playing the
inversion of the same notes in
counterpoint to the continuing
middle register clarinet, followed
by the high register clarinet
restating the opening form of the
subject an octave higher. The
middle register clarinet also
introduces the second theme,
Ländler in character, which is
broken into phrases with rests
between. The four-beat pulsation
gives way to six beats and the
polyphonic first part of the
movement to block harmonies; from
here to the end, the two rhythms
and styles alternate and combine.
The first half of the movement
concludes startlingly, in a C
sharp major triad. The more
densely contrapuntal second half
employs the inversion of the
interval of the first half. The
slow section that precedes the
ending consists of a long-line
melody in the violin, returning,
in the cello, to the Ännchen song
of the third movement, and a
stratospheric conversation between
the piano and the high register
clarinet, each speaking in
six-note phrases.
The standard study of the
Septet-Suite is Martha Hyde’s
Schoenberg’s Twelve-Tone Harmony:
The Suite Op. 29 and the
Compositional Sketches, University
of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor,
1981. The listener seeking to
understand the “harmonic problem”,
which, Ms Hyde concedes, “has been
and remains the major problem in
both the theory and the practice
of twelve-note composition”,
should consult her book. Its title
is misleading in that she analyzes
only the first movement, on
grounds that the sketch material
for it is more extensive than that
for the other three. She explains
that Schoenberg characteristically
“worked out certain harmonic
structures or designs that he used
again in varied forms throughout
the composition” (which does not
accord with the chronology of the
composition). Ms Hyde remarks,
perceptively, that the sketches
“reflect a self-consciousness
often not apparent” in
Schoenberg’s later works. But her
most interesting chapter is
devoted to the theory of
correspondence between metre and
harmony in the piece.
In a copy of the manuscript which
was consulted for the recording,
Fred Sherry pointed out a nota
bene, in what appears to be the
composer’s handwriting, underneath
bar 129 in the fourth movement. It
reads: “NB die Arpeggien ohne
rit.” which suggested to the
present performers that while the
music is in “molto rit.” the
crossing strings figures in the
violin, viola and cello are to be
played in tempo. The recorded
performance of the première, which
Schoenberg conducted on 15
December 1927, makes a slight
accelerando starting in bar 129,
leading the listener to believe
that the connection between the
slow music and the faster coda was
of greatest importance to the
composer.
Accompaniment to a
Cinematographic Scene, Op. 34
Schoenberg began to compose his
Accompaniment to a Cinematographic
Scene, Op. 34, music for an
imaginary film, on 15 October
1929, and finished it on 14
February 1930. The first
performance, on 28 April 1930, was
by the Frankfurt Radio Orchestra,
conducted by Hans Rosbaud. It
might be said that the classical
dramatic formula of the subtitle
provided the composer with the
perfect vehicle for his
“expressionist” style. The
structure is the easiest to hear
and follow of any of his pieces
employing twelve-tone technique,
partly because the nine episodes
leading to the Catastrophe are
delineated by successively faster
tempos and/or rhythmic units. At
the Catastrophe the pulsation
slows to the same tempo as the
beginning which is not the only
symmetry in the construction of
the piece. In the first and last
segments, the tonality of E flat
minor is sustained throughout in
the lower strings, and E flat is
the emphasized referential pitch
in the middle as well, most
prominently at the climax (mm.
144–152), first in the bass
instruments, then repeated four
octaves higher in the violins.
Robert Craft
|
|