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1 LP -
1C 063-30 117 - (p) 1973
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1 CD - 8
26485 2 - (c) 2000 |
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1 CD -
CDM 7 63144 2 - (c) 1991 |
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Michael
Praetorius (1571-1621) - "Terpsichore"
1612 |
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- Bransle de Villages, XIV.
à 5 (1-6) - M.P.C. (S. 24-26) - Schalmei,
4 Pommen, Schlagzeug |
4' 06" |
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- Philou, XXII à 4 -
M.P.C. (S. 35) - 4 Krummhörner, Schlagzeug
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0' 58" |
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- La Canarie, XXI, à 4 -
M.P.C. (S. 40-41) - 4 Krummhörner,
Schlagzeug
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1' 07" |
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- Passameze, CCLXXXIII, à 5
- F.C: (S. 168-169) - 4 Blockflöten,
Alt-Dunzian, 4 Gamben, Rankett, Spinett,
Laute, Chitarrone, Schlagzeug
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1' 56" |
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- Gaillarde, CCLXXXIV, à 5
- F.C: (S. 169-170) - 4 Blockflöten,
Alt-Dunzian, 4 Gamben, Rankett, Spinett,
Laute, Chitarrone, Schlagzeug
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1' 34" |
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- Bransle de la royne -
(Nicolas Vallet, 1583-? - "Le Secret des
Muses") - M.P.C. (S. 27-29) - Laute |
3' 58" |
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- Bouree I und II -
(Nicolas Vallet, 1583-? - "Le Secret des
Muses") - M.P.C. (S. 41) - Laute |
1' 11" |
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- 1. Bransle, I. à 5 -
(Pierre Francisque Caroubel, gest. 1619) -
(S. 1-5) - 5 Blockfloten, Laute,
Schlagzeug |
4' 49" |
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- Volte, CCXXXIV, à 4 -
M.P.C. (S. 126) - 4 Gamben, Schlagzeug |
1' 10" |
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- Volte, CCXLII, à 4 -
M.P.C. (S. 129) - 4 Gamben, Schlagzeug |
1' 43" |
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- Pavane de Spaigne, XXX, a
4 (1-3) - M.P.C. (S. 40) - 4
Blockflöten, 4 Gamben, Spinett, Laute,
Chitarrone, Schlagzeug
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2' 28" |
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- Pavana hispanica -
(Jan Pieterson Sweelinck, 1562-1621) - Spinett |
2' 48" |
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- The old Spagnoletta -
(Giles Farnaby, 1565-1640) - M.P.C. (S.
38) - Spinett
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1' 03" |
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- Ballet des Anglois,
CCLXXI, à 4 - Incerti. (S. 161) - 4
Gamben, Chitarrone, Schlagzeug
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2' 50" |
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- Courante (Jean
Baptiste Besard (Besardus), 1567-? -
"Novus Partus", 1617) - Incerti. - 2
Lauten |
1' 44" |
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- Volte du Tambour (Jean
Baptiste Besard (Besardus), 1567-? -
"Novus Partus", 1617) - M.P.C. (S. 111) -
2 Lauten
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0' 48" |
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- Courante, CLXXXIII, à 4
- Incerti. (S. 105) - 4 Gamben,
Chitarrone, Schlagzeug
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1' 35" |
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- Pavane de Spanje
(Pieter de Vois in "Der Goden
Fluit-hemel", 1644) - Blockflöte,
Laute |
1' 49" |
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- Stil, stil een Reys
(Jacob van Eyck, "Der Fluyten Lust-Hof",
1647) - M.P.C. (S. 41) - Blockflöte
und Laute |
1' 33" |
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- Gaillarde,
CCCIII. à 4 - M.P.C. (S. 179) - 4
Gamben, Schlagzeug |
1' 12" |
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- Gaillarde,
CCCVI. à 4 - Incerti. (S. 181) - 4
Gamben, Schlagzeug |
1' 50" |
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- Ballet,
CCLXXIII. à 4 (Robert Ballard,
"Deuxième Livre", 1614) - Incerti. (S.
162) - Laute |
2' 37" |
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- Ballet,
CCLXVI. à 4 (Robert Ballard,
"Deuxième Livre", 1614) - Incerti. (S.
159) - Laute |
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- Courante
(Robert Ballard, "Premier Livre", 1611) -
M.P.C. (S. 44) - Laute |
0' 44" |
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- Ballet,
CCLXVIII. à 4 (Jean Baptiste Besard
(Besardus), 1567-? - "Thesaurus
harmonicus", 8. buch) - Incerti. (S. 159)
- 2 Lauten
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2' 49" |
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- Ballet,
CCLX. à 4 (Jean Baptiste Besard
(Besardus), 1567-? - "Thesaurus
harmonicus", 8. buch) - Incerti. (S. 151)
- 2 Lauten |
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- Ballet de
Monsieur de Nemours CCLIII. à 5 (1)
- M.P.C. (S. 143) - 4 Pommen,
Schalmei, Schlagzeug |
1' 37" |
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- Volte,
CCXLIII. à 4 - M.P.C. (S. 130) - 4
Krummhörner, Schlagzeug |
0' 59" |
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- Volte,
CCXXXII. à 4 - M.P.C. (S. 125) - 4
Krummhörner, Schlagzeug |
0' 39" |
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Die
Seitenzahlern beziehen
sich auf die
"Gesamtausgabe der
musikalischen Werke von
Michael Praetorius",
Band XV: "TERPSICHORE",
1612, bearbeitet von
Günther Oberts.
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- F.C.:
Der Satz stammt von
Pierre Francisque
Caroubel |
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- M.P.C.:
Die Oberstimme war
gegeben, die
Unterstimmen sind von
Praetorius |
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- Incerti.:
Die Außenstimmen waren gegeben
(Lautentabulatur?), die Mittelstimmen
sind von Praetorius |
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RICERCARE -
Ensemble für alte Musik, Zürich |
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Michel Piguet, Schalmei,
Soprankrummhorn, Sopran- und
Altblockflöte |
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Richard Erig, Altpommer,
Baßkrummhorn, alt- und Tenorblockflöte |
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Renate Hildebrand, Altpommer,
Tenorkrummhorn, Altdulzian, Alt-
und Tenorblockflöte |
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Käthe Wagner, Tenorpommer,
Altkrummhorn, Baßblockflöte |
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Charlotte Joss, Tenorblockflöte |
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Walter Stiftner, Baßpommer |
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Wieland Kuijken, Soprangambe |
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Jordi Savall, Sopran- und
Baßgambe |
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Adelheid Glatt, Baßgambe |
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Sarah Cunningham, Baßgambe |
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Eugen M. Dombois, Laute (solo)
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Anthony Bailes, Laute (Duo und
Continuo) |
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Anne van Royen, Laute (Duo und
Continuo), Chitarrone
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Martha Gmunder, Spinett |
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Dieter Dyk, Schlagzeug |
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Luogo
e data di registrazione |
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Kirche
Neumünster, Zürich (Svizzera) -
maggio 1973 |
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Registrazione: live /
studio |
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studio |
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Producer / Engineer |
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Gerd
Berg / Johann-Nikolaus Matthes
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Prima Edizione LP |
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EMI
Electrola "Reflexe" - 1C 063-30
117 - (1 lp) - durata 51' 10" -
(p) 1973 - Analogico |
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Prima Edizione CD |
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EMI
"Classics" - CDM 7 63144 2 - (1
cd) - durata 51' 10" - (c) 1991 -
ADD |
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Edizione CD |
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EMI
"Classics" - 8 26485 2 - (1 cd) -
durata 51' 10" - (c) 2000 - ADD |
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Note |
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Michael
Praetorius - TERPSICHORE
The writing
and publication of the "Terpsichore"
goes back to the "generous
command" of Duke Friedrich
Ulrich, to compose and set for
four or five parts the
“Diskant-Stimmen” (i.e. solo
melodies) which his French
dancing master Antoine Emeraud
had brought back from France.
Although Praetorius at first
had his doubts about this, not
wanting to make them common
property, he eventually
acceded to the Duke’s wishes.
In all
probability, he was afraid
that his music would not then
only be played at the tables
of princes and at meetings of
the nobility. The anthology-
the greatest collection of
dances of its time - is made
up of some 312 numbers, of
which many, however, are
complete suites, so that if
one were to count each dance
seperately, the total would be
something like 500.
Alongside these French dances,
he had planned a further
collection of English and
Italian dances, to be known as
“Euterpe”; but Praetorius was
unfortunately unable to
realise this ambition, as well
as many another. The completed
works were forthe most part
printed by Praetorius himself,
and were not aimed at the
consumer. This, among other
things, could explain their
quantity: for the expenses he
incurred, as well as for
“faithful services”, he
repeatedly received donations
from Duke Heinrich Julius,
:ind from his son Friedrich
Ulrich. He had been promised
250 Talers by way of
compensation for printing-costs.
Praetorius’ work on these
dances, we would call today,
“arrangement”. The
“Diskant-Stimmen”, on the
other hand, were composed -
they came from the French
dancing-masters, of whom
there were about 300 in
Paris at the time. The
setting of melodies,
however, which corresponds
more or less to our
“arrangement”, was
considered as an original
task in its own right, and
no less worthy. As a
helpmate, he had a certain
Francisque Caroubel, who had
come to Wolfenbüttel
several years before for the
purpose. The movements by
Praetorius bear the initials
M.P.C. (Creuzbergensis);
those by Caroubel, F.C.
While the latter wrote for
five parts, Praetorius
favoured four-part harmony.
Possibly that was on account
of the great ability of the
court musicians of Henri IV:
the famous ensemble
consisted of 12 oboes and 24
“Violons du Roy". They
favoured high keys with
sharps; and Praetorius too
believed that “when played
on organs and other
instruments”, they would sound
“fresher and more gracious”;
but he nevertheless wrote
several pieces a tone or even
a fifth lower, for those “who
are untrained or unused to
it”. Alongside M.P.C. and F.C.
there is also to be found the
legend, “Unknown”. In such
cases, Praetorius had only
filled in the inner parts. The
originals were in all
probability anonymous pieces
for lute, mostly in two parts,
having more only in certain
places. Some of Besardus’
Balletti are note for note
exactly the same as the outer
parts in Praetorius’ pieces.
This recording is meant to
show a cross-section ofthe
Collection, and also, by means
of cross-reference, how French
dance-music spread through
other countries.
Apart from one “Passameze pour
les cornetz" (Cornetto), the
instrumentation is not
stipulated in any of the
dances. We learn too, that the
French dancing-masters
instructed their best pupils
not only in the art of
dancing, but also to play the
violin or the lute as they
danced; and that Passameze
were played on Crumhorns or
other instruments: mention has
already been made of the
organ, as well. This seems to
point to a practice of
“ad-libbing”: the care however
taken by Praetorius in Volumes
I and II
of his “Syntagma Musicum” over
questions of instrumentation,
obliges us to look again for
“verlorengegangene Selbstverständlichkeiten”
- attitudes which once were
obvious, but have since been
lost - in the realms of
dance-music. Contemporary
pictures have been a great
help, as have the odd
indications scattered in the
above-mentioned work.
The Pommern (Hautboy)
Ensemble: Praetorius
describes the sung
Villanellas: “In
France, the country
dances, invented by the
paesants themselves, are
played on reed-horns and
viols, often with two or three
to each part, and are called
‘Villages’. The Branle de
Villages is written for one
person per part.
While we have here adopted an
“open-air” concept, we have
striven to achieve a
different, more modern tone in
the “Ballet de Monsieur de
Nemours”.
Crumhorn Ensemble:
Original dances for this
instrument are rare (e.g.
Schein`s Pavane) because the
composer was too restricted by
the instrument’s narrow range
(a ninth). But by use of
transposition, Praetorius has
included a whole series of
suitable dances in the
“Terpsichore”, most of them in
F major.
Mixed Ensemble:
Combining several groups of
musical instruments in a dance
was not contrary to musical
practice, but was reserved for
special occasions. Our setting
is based on Praetorius’
affirmation that he once wrote
a seven-part motet for “2
Theorbas, 3 Lutes/2 Zithers, 4
Clavircymbels
and Spinets/7 Viola da
Gamba, 2 “german”
(transverse) flutes, 2
boys/1 Altista and a big
viol (double bass) without
organ or Regal, “which”
resounded so marvellously,
so excellently and so
splendidly that everything
in the churches shook before
the sound of so many
strings.” In
the place of the german
flutes and the singers, we
have used Blockflöten
(recorders); in addition, a
Rackett - as recommended by
Praetorius - provides a bass
for the violins. As our
example for the flourishes
in the Galliard, we have
taken the quotation: “vier
Reprinse... wie dieselbe von
den Frantzösischen
Dantzmeistern diminuiret und
coloriret werden.“ (4
Reprises, diminished and
shaded as by the French
dancing-Masters.)
Recorder Ensemble:
Although Praetorius saw the
function of a
recorder-ensemble as
principally a religious one,
the love of recorder-groups
in England was also carried
over into the dance. In
Volume 3 of his “Harmonie
Universelle”, Mersenne
reproduces a Gavotte or 4
recorders.
Viola da Gamba Ensemble:
In many German dances, the
Gamba is assigned pride of
position.
Lute Ensemble: In
order better to appreciate
the “false notes”, one
should first try to hear
each of the two lutes
separately: “Each lute on
its own is in the right;
together they are wrong.”
(T. Bailes.)
Recorders and Lutes:
Both variations were written
for solo recorder, but for
technical reasons, were
recorded with a lute
continuo.
Percussion: The
instruments prescribed by
Praetorius - “little
kettle-drum, triangle and
tom-tom" e are used here.
Richard
Erig
(Translation
by Martin Homer)
The dances
in M. Praetorius'
Terpsichore show a close,
deliberate
relationship to lolkloro.
Interrelation
of dances of the court
and those of
the paesantry provides a
liveliness and freshness which
is missing from the later
Baroque period. The commoners’
leaps and bounds were taken
over by the court, stylised,
and endowed with the courtly
code and apparel. Thus the
simple walk becomes a wavy
step: the best example is the
Pavane, with its strutting
peacock step. The symmetry,
complicated combinations of
steps and use of the floor
which characterise the Baroque
dance are to a great extent in
accordance with this. The
majority of the dances were
real society dances, performed
by many couples simply for
their own pleasure. Only the Balletti,
formerly of Italian origin,
were looked upon as impromptus
for spectators. Balletti were
performed in three stages:
first came the presentation of
the cast, usually done in
elaborate fancy-dress; second,
the dance-sequence would be
developed, and the last part
was saved for an inspired and
inspiring exit. The steps of
these dances have not been
handed down; the performers
were guests at the ball.
As a rule, balls lasted for
eight hours or more. The
beginning followed a set
ceremonial pattern: the senior
person present opened the ball
with his partner, and the next
in line gradually joined in
the dance. To start with, they
would dance a Branle-suite. Bransles,
or Branles are round
dances from various parts of
France. The pairs danced in
rows or in a circle with a
basically sideways movement
through the ballroom.
Praetorius describes the
motion as: “not as brutal as
the Galliard or the Courrante,
but very gentle, with but a
slight movement of the knees.”
The Branles doubles and the
Branles simples, so called
because of their double-pace
to the left followed by a
double or a single pace
respectively to the right,
were just the thing for the
veterans in the ballroom. They
were absolved from the more
lively “Branles gay”, such as
the running and jumping
peasant dances, the Branle de
Bourgogne, de Village, de
Poictou and de Montirande,
in which the younger
generation indulged. There
were lots of Branle-dances,
varying from region to region.
Of the Branle de Montirande
or du Haut Barrois, Arbeau
says, “It
is danced by young ladies and
gentlemen of noble descent,
who dress up as sheep and
farmers for masques to amuse
themselves with their
peers.”
When they danced a Bourrée,
which Praetorius liked for its
rural freshness, the couples
would glide across the room
with flowing nimble steps. The
zapateado-like tapping of toes
and heels of the Canarie
dancers, dressed in their
colourful plumes, clattered
livelily and at times pretty
loudly. It
was originally danced at
masque-ballets by the king and
queen of Mauritania.
The great dance, though
nearing the end of its
popularity, was still the Pavane.
“It
cometh from Spain, and is a
passing grave proud and
stately dance.” “The Pavane is
easy to dance, for it
consisteth merely of two
single paces and a double pace
forwards, followed by the same
again backwards." So says
Arbeau. The main thing about
the Pavane was to see and be
seen. “A nobleman can dance
the Pavane with sword and
beret... the ladies with
lowered eyes filled with
virgin modesty... " That this
modesty was one of the
foremost principles of good
behaviour for those born into
Society can be gathered from
the following description of
the dress: “Kings and princes
dance the Pavane on festive
occasions to show themselves
off to one another in their
ostentatious cloaks and robes
of state. They are accompanied
by queens, princesses and
Ladies of the Bedchamber. They
drag the flowing trains of
their garments up to five
yards behind them, or else let
them be carried by their
ladies-in-waiting. Thus they
make their way two or three
times round the hall, or dance
perhaps up and down the middle
of the room, turning about
when they reach the end.”
Regretfully, Arbeau realised
twenty years before the
“Terpsichore” that the great
dance must eventually be
superceded by other newer
ones. Praetorius supplied 3
Passamezzi, and only l Pavane.
These are adapted italianate
variations of the Pavane,
faster, and with tasteful
elaboration of the steps.
The Pavane’s greatest
contemporary rival was the Galliard,
with its mighty springs. In
France, the da nce was also
aptly called the “Five-step”:
four “sauts mineurs” (little
hops) building up to a final
“saut majeur” (high leap)
which fitted the end of the
sequence to the cadence in the
music. This fundamental step
lasted for two bars. The
fairly fast hops of the early
Galliard developed into even
quicker running jumps.
Interesting variations of
rhythm in Praetorius’ music
make it seem possible that
hops and jumps were themselves
freely interchanged. To judge
by the almost incomprehensible
richness of former
step-variations, there seem to
have been no limits to the
realms of movement employed,
so that the Galliard became
from what was once just a
sprightly pairs-dance, a
shows-off piece for each and
every good dancer. To the
oberserver, it was a ceaseless
approach and retreat by both
partners. When the man danced
alone, he had the chance to
demonstrate his ability in
leaping, turning and making
artistic passes. The lady
didn’t jump as high, but she
too could show her dexterity
and nimbleness in turning.
Hardly any dance has given
rise to so much discussion,
prohibition and sensation as
the Volta, a turning
offshoot of the Galliard. The
man had to throw his partner
as high as possible into the
air. It
was unavoidable that in doing
so, he should grab her in most
unseemly places, and also,
from time to time, help her on
her way with a deft
application of the knee. Murder,
miscarriages, the breaking of
necks and legs and all sorts
of other evils were laid at
the Volta’s door, until not
only the dance itself, but the
very act of turning in dancing
was prohibited on pain of
punishment, but with little
success.
To complete the catalogue, the
Courante was already in
Praetorius’ time the most
popular dance at the court. In
this lively run-and-hop-dance,
of the 16th century, the
partners held hands, and swept
in little zig-zags across the
room. By the end of the 17th
century, the Courante had
developed into the gentle,
measured art of the
“Doktor-Tanz", which because
of the difficulties of
performance, was still taught
by dancing instructors, but no
longer used in Society.
Erika
Schneiter
(Translation
by Martin Homer)
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EMI Electrola
"Reflexe"
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